Bibliography of Andhra coins

Preface

Brief Andhra history

Andhra history

Books, monographs and chapters

Punch marked coins

Uninscribed coins

Early inscribed coins of local rulers

Satavahana coins

Meghavahana coins

Roman coins in Andhra

Satrap or feudatory coins

Mahatalavara coins

Maharathi coins

Mahasenapathi coins

Mahagramika

Ikshvaku coins

Sebaka coins

Vishnukundin coins

Eastern Gangas

Coins of Salankayanas of Peddavegi

Pallava coins

Coins of Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi

Coins of Western Chalukya of Badami, Kalyani &Vatapi

Coins of Rashtrakutas of Malkhed

Coins of Bana chiefs

Coins of Western Gangas of Talakkad

Coins of Kakatiyas

Coins of Telugu-Chodas

Coins of Reddy kings

Vijayanagara coins

Bahmani coins

Qutub Shahi coins

Coins of Mughals & Delhi sultans

Asaf Jahi coins

East India company & British India coins

Indo-French coins

Indian Republic

Miscellaneous

Seals & Sealings

Abbreviations

Bibliography of Andhra coins

Preface

History is a study of our past and coins contributed a great deal to it. It may be pertinent to point out that James Prinsep deciphered our ancient Indian scripts namely Brahmi and Kharosthi in 1830’s on the basis of study of Indo-Greek coins having bilingual legends. Egyptian hieroglyphic script was deciphered in the same way by Young and Champollion on the basis of study of Rosetta stone having bilingual Egyptian and Greek alphabets. The study of ancient Indian coins brought to light the names of many unknown kings about whose existence there was no inscriptional or literary evidence. For example the recent discovery of Kotalingala coins in the Karimnagar district of Andhra Pradesh revealed the coins of kings Gobada, Narana, Kamvayasa, Sirivayasa and Samagopa besides the coins of early Satavahana rulers. These kings ruled part of Telengana in post Mauryan period and they preceded Satavahanas. 38 kings and two queens of Indo-Greeks who ruled northwestern India after the departure of Alexander came to be known through their coins and only two of these were mentioned in inscriptions and 7 others through literary sources. It is true of many such rulers in different parts of our country who came to be known through their coins. The coins helped in corroborating the information provided in the Puranas. The lists of Andhra kings are given in Puranas like Vayu, Visnu, Brahmanda, Bhagavata and Matsya. Coins of 20 odd kings of Satavahana dynasty have been found supporting these Puranas. But information provided by coins seems to be more accurate than Puranas. For example the name of the first king of this dynasty is mentioned variously as Chismaka (Brahmanda), Sindhuka (Vayu), Sipraka (Visnu), Sisuka (Matsya) and Vrsalobali (Bhagavata) but coins name him as Chimuka which must be correct since they were issued during his rule while puranas were written centuries later and hence many inaccuracies crept into them. Nanaghat inscription was much nearer the truth, which named Chimuka as Simuka and this, was incised few decades later by Naganika. The coins of some kings of this dynasty were found who were not listed in the puranas namely Satavahana, Sata, Rudra, Karna and Kumba. Hence coins help in reconstructing our ancient Indian history much more accurately than what is possible from other sources.

Coins also help in knowing the religious leanings of the king, personal traits of the rulers besides the trade and economic conditions of those times. Later Satavahana kings issued ship type of coins and the find of Roman coins along with those of these rulers support the maritime trade with west in those times. Debased gold coins of later Gupta rulers suggest chaotic economic conditions compared to the days of earlier kings of this dynasty as well as those of Kushana kings who preceded them. Some coins of Samudragupta had gold content of even 100% and it got debased to 54% in the coins of Kumaragupta II. Venkatapati Raya II of Vijayanagar issued coins with ‘namam ‘symbol making obvious his leanings towards vaishnavite faith. One Delhi sultan Ghiasuddin Tughlaq called himself as second Alexander and his son; Muhammad Bin Tughlaq killed him to become a king and issued coins in the name of his dead father calling him a martyr. Qutbuddin Khalji called himself the ‘supreme head of Islam and lord of heaven and earth’. The epithets and couplets of some of these Muslim rulers help in finding out the personal traits of those kings.

The metal of the coin help in finding out the alloys available in those times and portrait coins as well as symbols on them give us an idea about the art of that age and calligraphy.The Andhra coins are unique among Indian coins in two important aspects. The Andhra rulers were the first to issue coins made exclusively of lead since the earliest times. It appears that Andhra rulers had been using lead for making coins for a long time. It started with the use of lead for making uninscribed and inscribed coins during presatavahana and post Mauryan era and continued till the time of Vishnukundins during the 4th-5th century AD. Subsequent to the rule of Vishnukundins, lead was not used for making coins in Andhra Desa. But recently Pallava lead coins were reported and these rulers ruled part of southern Andhra. Lead is a very soft bluish-Grey metal, and in its normal state tarnishes rapidly to a dark Grey color and has very poor wear resistance. It was only in the Andhra region that coins came to be issued by high officials of the ruling dynasty, such as Senapathi, Talavara, Maharathi and Mahagramika, which raises an important question whether the authority to issue coins was decentralized or delegated in those times.

Brief Andhra history

Andhra or Deccan history is arbitrarily divided into three periods namely ancient (upto circa 1295 AD), medieval (1295-1724 AD) and modern (1724 AD) onwards. There were Hindu kingdoms in ancient times and in medieval period Delhi sultans made onslaughts into the Deccan and Muslim kingdoms established. Modern starts with the beginning of Asaf Jahi rule.

C.2000 BC-1000BC: No political territories.

C.500 BC: No rulers. Upper Neolithic and megalithic people. Few urban centers. Early farming along with cattle breeding societies.

Third century BC: Part of Asokan Empire.

Second century BC: Improved farming and rise of landlords. Spread of Buddhist centers at: Dhanakada (Amaravathi), Battiprolu, Ghantasala, Sanghavaram and Salihundem.Rise of political and urban centers at Kotalingala, Rayapatnam, Pedda bunkur, Kondapur, Veechavada (Vijayawada) and Pathala Lanka seaport.

First century AD: Satavahana empire and upper coastal under Meghavahanas of Kalinga.

Second century AD. Andhra desa was completely under Satavahanas. Rise of Mahayana Buddhism. Great Buddhist Acharya Nagarjuna Arya Deva flourished. Dhanakada became a famous Buddhist center besides Ghantasala, Battiprolu, Bavikonda and Dhulikatta.

Third century AD: fall of Satavahana empire around C.230AD. Nagas, Ikshvakus, Ananda gotras, Brihatphalayanas ruled till the end of the century. Buddhism became a popular faith with numerous stupas at Nagajunakonda, Goli, Dhanakada, Battiprolu, Ghantasala, Gudivada, Sanghavaram, Dhulikatta, Nelakondapalli, Panigiri and Guntupalli.

Fourth century AD: Rise of Pallavas and Salankayanas. Samudra Gupta’s invasion sometime in 350-360 AD. All minor chiefs in Kalinga replaced with Gupta followers. Rise of Vishnukundins. Popularity of temple and celebration of Hindu festivals.

Fifth and Sixth centuries AD: Vishnukundins in the north. Pallavas in the south and rise of Eastern Gangas in Kalinga.

Seventh century AD: Telengana and Rayalaseema under Badami Chalukyas. Eastern Gangas in Kalinga and Eastern Chalukyas in Vengi. Pallavas in the south.

Eighth and Ninth centuries AD: Podana Chalukyas in northern Telengana, Rashtrakutas in the center, Eastern Chalukyas and Eastern Gangas in the north coastal region. Renadu Cholas, Nolambas, Western Gangas, Pallavas and Bana chiefs in southern Rayalaseema.

Tenth century AD: Vemulavada Chalukyas ruled northern Telengana. Eastern Chalukyas and Eastern Gangas ruled coastal region. Rashtrakutas ruled southern Telengana and southern Andhra ruled by Vaidumu and Bana chiefs.

Eleventh and twelfth centuries AD: Western Chalukyas ruled Telengana and Rayalaseema upto 1156 AD from Kalyana. They were overthrown by Kalachuri Bijjala in 1156 AD.

Thirteenth century: Kakatiyas of Orugallu ruled Andhradesa as a dominant power (1200-1323AD.). Eastern Gangas ruled Kalinga from 500-1433AD.

Fourteenth century: fall of Kakatiyas in 1323 AD. Expulsion of Muslims by 1325 AD. Recovery of Warangal by Musunuri Kapaya in 1327 AD. Founding of Reddy kingdom in 1325 AD. Founding of Vijayanagara kingdom by Harihara and Bukka in 1335 AD. Founding of Bahmani rule at Devagiri in 1347AD.Velama kingdom at Rachakonda in 1368 AD.

Fifteenth century: Three powerful kingdoms formed: Vijayanagara in the south, Bahmanis in central Deccan and Gajapathi’s in Kalinga. Fall of Eastern Gangas and rise of Kapileshwara Gajapathi. Kingdom of Velama Nayaks around Krishna river.

Sixteenth century: fall of Bahmani’s and rise of Qutub Shahi’s of Golconda in 1496 AD. Accession of Krishna Devaraya in 1509 AD. Capture of coastal Andhra from Gajapathis in 1513-1518 AD. Ibrahim Qutub Shah (1550-1580AD). Battle of Rakkasa-Tangadi in 1565 AD. The whole of Andhra country formed Qutub Shahi kingdom.

Seventeenth century: fall of Golconda to Mughals in 1687 AD.

Eighteenth century AD: Rise of Asaf Jahis in 1724AD.Asaf Jahi kingdom in Andhra. Asaf Jah I died in 1748 AD and his third son Salabat became Nizam with the help of French governor Bussi. Coastal districts of Srikakulam, Rajamundry, Eluru and Mustafanagar (Kondapalli) surrendered in 1754 AD to French.

Nineteenth century: By 1800 AD the Circar districts and Rayalaseema including Nellore came under the direct rule of British. Telengana, Marathwada and a part of Karnataka formed the Nizam dominion. Nizam was a protégé of British. Bobbili, Vijayanagaram, Pithapuram, Venkatagiri etc were zamindars.

Twentieth century: Freedom struggle under Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership. Independence for India on 15th August 1947.Police action against the Nizam in September 1948AD.Separate Andhra state on 1st October 1953AD with Kurnool as Capital. Formation of Andhra Pradesh on 1st November 1956 AD with Hyderabad as capital.


References: Andhra history

1. Altekar, A.S. The Rashtrakutas and their times, Oriental series No.36, Oriental Book Agency, Poona, 1934.

2. AppaRao, V. Reddy Sanchika, A.P.Archaeological series.67, Govt. Of A.P., Hyderabad, 1991.

3. Bhandarkar, R.G. Early history of the Dekkan down to the Mahomedan conquest, 2nd Ed., Asian educational services, New Delhi, 1985.

4. Gopalachari, K. Early history of Andhra country, Madras University historical series No.16, Madras, 1976.

5. Gribble, J.D.B. History of the Deccan, vol. II Luzac & Company London, I 1896.

6. Murari, K. The calukyas of Kalyani (From circa 973-1200AD), Concept Publishing Company, Delhi, 1977.

7. Parabrahma Sastry, P.V. The Kakatiyas of Warangal, Govt. of A.P., Hyderabad, 1978.

8. Prasad, R. The Asaf Jahs of Hyderabad, their rise and decline, Vikas Publishing House Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi, 1984.

9. Rama Sharma, M.H. The history of the Vijayanagar empire, vol.: Beginnings and expansion, vol.: Decline and disappearance, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1978 & 1980.

10. Ramesh, K.V. Chalukyas of Vatapi, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi, 1984.

11. Rao, B.V. History of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, A.P.Sahitya Academy, Hyderabad, 1973.

12. Rao, N.M. Kalinga under the Eastern Gangas, B.R.Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 1991.

13. Rao, M.R. Glimpses of Dakkan history, Orient Longmans Limited, Madras, 1951.

14. Sherwani, H.K. and Joshi, P.M. History of medieval Deccan, Govt A.P., 1973.

15. Sherwani, H.K. The Bahmanis of the Deccan, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, Delhi, 1985.

16. Sherwani, H.K. History of the Qutb Shahi dynasty. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi, 1974.

17. Venkataramanayya, N. The eastern Calukyas of Vengi, Vedam Venkataraya Sastry & Bros., Madras, 1950.

18. Yazdani, G. The early history of the Deccan, Govt. A.P., Oxford University press, parts I &II, London, 1960.Oriental books reprint corporation, New Delhi, 1971.


Books, monographs and chapters

  1. Altekar, A.S. The coinage of the Deccan. In: Early history of the Deccan, Ed.G.Yazdani, and London, p.785-806, 1960.
  2. Bhandarkar, D.R lectures on ancient Indian numismatics. The Carmichael lectures 1921.Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1990.
  3. Chattopadyay, B: Coins and currency systems in South India. Munshiram Manohar Lal, New Delhi, 1977.
  4. Cunningham, A., Coins of ancient India, Indological book house, Varanasi, 1971.Originally published in 1886.
  5. Desikachari, T. South Indian coins, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1984, originally published in 1933.
  6. Dutta, M. Satavahana coinage. Harman Publishing House, New Delhi, 1990
  7. Elliot, W., Coins of southern India. Prithvi prakashan, Varanasi, 1970. Originally published in 1884.
  8. Gupta, PL Catalogue of Punch marked coins of the Andhra Pradesh government museum, Hyderabad, 1960.
  9. Gupta, PL, The Amaravati hoard of silver punch marked coins. Hyderabad, 1963.
  10. Gupta, PL. Roman coins from Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 1965.
  11. Gupta, PL Coinage of the Deccan. In: History of medieval Deccan, Eds. H.K.Sherwani & P.M.Joshi, 1974.
  12. Gupta, PL, Coins, National Book Trust, New Delhi, Fourth edition, 1996
  13. Khan, A.W. Qutb Shahi coins in the Andhra Pradesh Government museum, Hyderabad, 1961
  14. Khan, A.W. Bahmani coins in the Andhra Pradesh Government museum, Hyderabad, 1964.
  15. Mirashi, V.V., Studies in Indology, Vol.III. Nagpur university, Nagpur, 1972.
  16. Mitchiner, M., The coinage and history of south India. Part one: Karnataka and Andhra, Hawkins Publishing, London, 1998.
  17. Narain, AK and Gopal, L. The chronology of the punch marked coins, Varanasi, 1966.
  18. Prinsep, J., Essays in Indian antiquities. Historic, numismatic and paleographic. Ed.: E.Thomas. Indological book house, Delhi, 1971.Originally published in 1858.
  19. Ramesan, N. A catalogue of the Vijayanagar coins of the Andhra Pradesh museum, Archaeological series No.4, Govt AP, Hyderabad, 1979.
  20. Rao, M.R. List of Published Satavahana coins. Numismatic Society of India Monograph No.6, Varanasi, 1958.
  21. Rao, M.R. Select Satavahana coins in the Government museum, Madras, 1959.
  22. Rao.M.R. Satavahana coins in A.P.Govt museum, Hyderabad, 1961.
  23. Rao, M.R. Vishnukundin coins in the Andhra Pradesh Government museum, Hyderabad, 1963.
  24. Rao, M.R. Eastern Chalukyan coins in the Andhra Pradesh Government museum, Hyderabad, 1963.
  25. Rapson, E.J., The coinage of ancient and medieval India, Malter-westerfield Publishing Co., 1969,Originally published in 1897.
  26. Rapson, E.J., The catalogue of coins of Andhra dynasty, western Kshatrapas, The Trikutaka dynasty and Bodhi dynasty. The Oriental books reprint corporation, Delhi, 1975.Originally published in 1908
  27. Reddy.D.R. & Reddy, P.S. Copper coins of the Bahmanis, Hyderabad Numismatic Society, Hyderabad, 1983.
  28. Reddy, D.R.& Reddy, P.S. Silver coins of the Bahmanis, Hyderabad Numismatic Society, Hyderabad, 1983.
  29. Reddy.D.R. & Reddy, P.S. Coins of the Satraps of the Satavahana era, Hyderabad Numismatic Society, Hyderabad, 1983.
  30. Reddy, DR. & Reddy, P.S. Uninscribed coins of Andhra, Hyderabad Numismatic Society, Hyderabad, 1984.
  31. Reddy, D.R.& Reddy, P.S. Kotalingala coinage of Satavahanas and other local rulers. A profile, Hyderabad Numismatic Society, Hyderabad, 1987.
  32. Reddy, DR., Deme, M.R.& Deme.S.R. Andhra coins through the ages, Hyderabad, 1997.
  33. Sahni, B.: The technique of casting coins in ancient India. Bharatiya Publishing house, New Delhi, 1973,Originally published in 1945.
  34. Sarma, I.K. Coinage of the Satavahana empire, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi, 1980.
  35. Sastry, V.V.K. Roman gold coins. Recent discoveries in Andhra Pradesh, A.P. Museum series No.21, Govt. A.P., Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 1992.
  36. Shastri, A, M. Coinage of Satavahanas and coins from excavations, Nagpur University, 1972.
  37. Sastry, P.V.P. Kakatiya coins and measures, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 1975.
  38. Smith, VA, Coins of ancient India. Catalogue of coins in the Indian museum Calcutta.Vol.1.Indological book house, Varanasi, 1972.Originally published in 1906.
  39. Sircar, D.C. Early Indian numismatic and epigraphical studies. Indian museum, Calcutta, 1977.
  40. Subramanyam, R. A catalogue of the Ikshvaku coins in the Andhra Pradesh Government museum, Hyderabad, 1962.
  41. Vanaja, R. Indian coinage, National museum, New Delhi, 1983.
  42. Vidya Prakash. Coinage of south India, an introductory survey. Numismatic notes and monographs No.14, Varanasi, 1968.
  43. Thaplyal, K.K. Studies in ancient Indian seals, Akhila Bharatiya Sanskrit Parishad, Lucknow, 1972


References: Punch marked coins

Punch marked is the earliest Indian coins and they derived their name from the method of their manufacture. These coins are of two types - Imperial and local. Imperial coins of the Magadhan and Mauryan Empire were in circulation throughout the country, while local ones issued by regional rulers circulated only in their respective regions. Each of these types had distinctive features. Imperial coins had five symbols whereas local ones had four or less symbols. Imperial had uniform weights of 32 rattis or 57 grains whereas weights of local coins varied greatly. The local coins preceded the imperial coins. The imperial coins are divided into six types based on their fabric and are attributed to different kings of Magadha, Maurya and subsequent dynasties. There is enormous amount of literature on punch marked coins. References of the coins of the local type found in Andhra besides the monographs of hoards of punch marked coins found in Andhra are listed.

Punch marked coins have been found in hoards in Karimnagar, Nasthulapur, Amaravathi, Weepangandla and Singavaram and also during excavations at kondapur, Veerapuram, Vaddamanu, Amaravathi, Kotalingala etc. Sreenivas and Gupta have described imperial type of these coins found in Andhra. Local types found in Singavaram of Krishna district have been published by Aravamuthan. Punch marked coins of the Imperial type has been found in adjacent Asmaka territory of Gulbarga, Maski and Raichur and Gupta has described them along with other coins in the Museum at Hyderabad. Patil has described local type of punch marked coins of Asmaka and these are similar to those from Andhra. There are four symbols on these coins, out of which one symbol is struck twice. These coins of silver of various shapes weighed between 20 to 30 grains. The usual sun and six armed symbols of the imperial type are not found on these local coins. Elephant is found in all these local coins of punch marked type from Andhra. Tree and bull are the other common symbols.9 out of the 91 varieties of imperial punch marked coins of Hyderabad museum and 48 of 235 varieties from Amaravati are exclusively known from these hoard. But they are too few in numbers to say whether they belong to this region and future discoveries might help.

  1. Agarwal, B., and Rai, S., Indian punch marked coins.1994.
  2. Allan, J., Catalogue of the coins of ancient Indian.1936.Oriental books reprint corporation, New Delhi, 1975.
  3. Aravamuthan, T.G.A new type of punch marked coins. Trans. Intern. Num. Cong.p.393, 1936.
  4. Atkins, K.J.Punchmarked-Maghada-Maurya punch marked silver coinage, ONS newsletter No.145, and 1995.
  5. Cribb, J., Punch -marked coins-approaches to new research. ONS news letter. No.146, p.7-8, 1995.
  6. Dani, A.H., Indian punch marked coins-a new approach. JASP. 1,1956. P.100.
  7. Gupta, PL Three punch-marked coins from Hyderabad.JNSI.XVI, p.51, 1954.
  8. Gupta, P.L. Nasthulapur hoard of silver Roman and punch marked coins.JNSI.XIX, p.1, and 1957.
  9. Gupta, PL On the chronology of the silver punch-marked coins. JNSI. XXI.p.1, 1959.
  10. Gupta, PL, An interesting treasure-trove from Weepangandla (Mahboobnagar). JNSI. XXXIV.p.2, 1972.
  11. Gupta, PL and Hardaker, T.R., Ancient Indian silver punch marked coins of the Maghada-Maurya karsapana series, Indian Institute of research in numismatic studies, Anjaneri, 1985.
  12. Hardaker, T. Punchmarked –forgeries, ONS newsletter No.111, 1988.
  13. Hirano, S. Punchmarked-two forgeries from India, ONS newsletter No.159, 1995.
  14. Kesava, K.S.B., Discovery of punch marked coins in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. SSIC. V., p.37-44, 1995.
  15. Kosambi, DD, Chronological order of punch marked coins. JBBRAS. P.24, 1948-49.
  16. Kosambi, DD, Punch marked coins of the Amaravati hoard. Chronology of punch marked coins, Varanasi, p.51, 1966.
  17. Lahiri, A.N. Numismatography of punch-marked coins. JNSI.XLIX.p.155-162, 1987.
  18. Lahiri, A.N. The revolution brought about by silver punch-marked coins in the sphere of trade trasactions, A paper presented at the3rd international colloquium at Nasik, IIRNS, and Jan 8-11,1991.
  19. Mangalam, S.J. Punch marked coins of Asmaka Janapada, Nidhi, XVII.p.1-21, 1992.
  20. Mangalam, S.J. Local silver punch-marked coins from Maharashtra, JNSI, and LV., p.12-18, 1993
  21. Narain, AK, Notes on the chronology of punch marked coins. JNSI. XIX, p.19, 1957.
  22. Patil, S., Punch marked coins of Asmaka janapada.N.D.XV.p.5-9, 1991.
  23. Prasad, B, Prakash, B. and Ahmad, N. Metallurgical study of the silver punch marked coins. JNSI, LVII, p.135-144, 1995.
  24. Prasad, D., Classification and significance of the symbols on the silver punch marked coins of ancient India, NS, XLV, p.317, and 1934.
  25. Radhakrishnan, PV, Chronology silver punch marked coins in south India. SSIC. VIII.p.27-34, 1998.
  26. Rajgor, D. Minting techniques of punch marked coins of India. JNSI. LVIII, p.115-121, 1996.
  27. Rajgor, D., Punch marked coins of early historic India. Reesha books international, California, 2001.
  28. Ray, S.C., A note on the chronology of punch marked coin hoards, JNSI, XXI, p.120, 1959
  29. Sarma, I.K. Important numismatic finds from Duvvuru and Alluru, District Nellore (AP). JAINS.III, p.12-15, 1980.
  30. Sreenivas, T. Punch-marked coins in the cabinet of the Hyderabad museum. RADN, p.39, 1928-9.
  31. Spooner, D.B., A new find of punch marked coins. ASR.p.150, 1905-6
  32. Theobald, W., Notes on symbols found on punch marked coins. JASB. 49,p.181-268.
  33. Walsh, E.H.C., Punch marked silver coins, their standard of weight, age and minting. JRAS, p.293, 1937. Also JNSI.II, p.15, 1940.


References: Uninscribed coins.

In the evolution of the ancient Indian coinage the earliest were the punch marked coins, which were succeeded first by uninscribed cast coins and later by inscribed coins. We made a detailed study of these coins found in Andhra in our book Uninscribed coins of Andhra. The symbols found on these coins, technique of their manufacture, metals that were used for making them and also chemical analysis of these coins was described. Local rulers issued these coins in the presatavahana era and enormous variety of these coins merit detailed study. Veerapuram excavations prove that these coins were in circulation for much longer period and may have been used along with other inscribed coins upto 400 AD.

1. Ahmad, N. and Akhtar, MN The elephant/hill type uninscribed copper cast coins-a study with reference to their composition. JNSI.LVIII.p.122-134, 1996

2. Allan, J., Catalogue of coins in ancient India. Oriental books reprint corporations, New Delhi.1936.

3. Altekar, Some interesting uninscribed coins, JNSI.IV, I, p.29, 1942.

4. Bhargava, R.R. Uninscribed coins from Thathari (M.P.), N.D., XVII.p.11-14, 1993.

5. Cunningham, A., Coins of ancient India. Indological book house. Varanasi, p.53-102. 1971

6. Elliot, W., Coins of southern India. Indological book house. Varanasi, 1970.

7. Ghosh, A., Presidential address to the Numismatic society of India. -Gauhati, 1965.Sixty years of numismatic society of India. Varanasi, p.471.1973

8. Kamalakar, G. and Veerender, M., Coins from Veerapuram excavations, Numismatic bulletin No.3 Birla archaeological and cultural research institute, Hyderabad, p.17, 1991.

9. Lahiri, A.N., Archaic coins of Northern India.JNSI.XXXV.p.1, 1973.

10. Maheshwari, K.K., Some interesting coins from Andhra Pradesh, N. D.I.p.1.1977.

11. Maheshwari, K.K., New varieties of uninscribed cast coins of the Deccan.N.D.VI.p.2.1982.

12. Maheshwari, K.K., Some interesting coins from A.P.N.D. VI, p.10, and 1982.

13. Prinsep, J., Essays in Indian antiquities.Vol.I.Ed. E.Thomas. 14.Rapson, E.J., Indian coins. Indological book house. Varanasi, 1969. p.10-15.

14. Ray, S.C., The uninscribed cast coins. Their distribution, age and other issues. JNSI.XXIX.II.p.1.1967.

15. Reddy, DR, Reddy, P.S., Uninscribed coins of Andhra. The numismatic society of Hyderabad, 1984.

16. Reddy, DR, Reddy, P.S., Some observations on uninscribed coins of Andhra. In: Indological studies. Ed. D.Handa. Caxton publications Delhi, p.155-160, 1987.

17. Roy Choudhury, C., A catalogue of early Indian coins in Asutosh museum, Part.I. University of Calcutta.1962.

18. Sastry, T.V.G., Kasturi Bai, M., Rao, J.V.P., Veerapuram-Type site for cultural study in Krishna valley, Birla archaeological and cultural research institute. Hyderabad, p.76-80, 1984.

19. Siddiqui, A.H., Uninscribed cast coins from Deccan. N.D. IV. P.9-10, 1980.

20. Singh, P. The stratighraphic position of uninscribed cast coins. Seminar papers on the local coins of Northern India, C.30 BC to 300 AD. Varanasi, p.105, and 1968.

21. Smith, V., A., Coins of ancient India.vol.I. Indological book house, Varanasi.1972.p.143-207.

22. Thomas, E., The earliest Indian coinage.N.Chr.IV.p.263-288, 1864.

23. Whitehead, R.B., The premohammedan coinage of Northwestern India. Amer. Num. Notes and monograph No.13, 1922.

 

References: Early inscribed coins of local rulers

First inscribed coin to be issued in Andhra is that of King Gobada to be followed by coins of other local rulers. The post-Mauryan and pre-Satavahana history of the Deccan, which lasted for about two hundred years, is shrouded in darkness. Inscriptions and coins of the period reveal certain facts. After the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire some petty kings or local chieftains seemed to have assumed power in this region. Bhattiprolu and Vaddamanu inscriptions and coins of the latter on coastal Andhra belonging to the second century BC mention king’s Kuberaka, Somaka, and Sebaka. Names of king such as Gobada, Narana, Kamvayasa, Sirivayasa and Samagopa have come to light from the coins found at Kotalingala in Telengana region. Stray coins of this period with names such as Siri Makasa, Siva Maka Siri, Kamarasa, Siri Masa, Kamasa, Raya Hayasanaka etc have been published by us. Similarly we have published many varieties of uninscribed coins belonging to this period. They cannot be ascribed to any ruler or dynasty mentioned in any of the ancient puranas. A possible reason is that there were many small rulers scattered over this area that had the authority to issue coins. Even when a powerful dynasty like Satavahana ruled, there were smaller local rulers who issued coins. This seems to have been a common practice in the early period as is evident from Megasthenese’s account of' 'Thirty walled Towns’ in the Asmaka – Mulaka territories in the sixth century BC.

1. Gupta, P.L. Kotalingala find of Post-Mauryan coins, N.D., II, II, p.24-33, 1978.

2. Ramachandra Murthy, NS Kotilingala: An early historical site, AAHA.p.33-35, 1983.

3. Reddy, DR, Early coins from Kotalingala. N.D.IX, II, p.41-45, 1985.

4. Reddy, DR & Reddy, P.S., Kotalingala coinage of the Satavahanas and other local rulers, Numismatic Society of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 1987.

5. Reddy, DR and Reddy, P.S., Some rare presatavahana coins of the Deccan. Numismatic studies.Vol.2. Ed.D.Handa, 1992.

6. Sastry, P.V.P. Unknown coins of Satavahanas and their predecessors, N.D. II, p.10, 1978.

7. Sastry, P.V.P. Some more coins from Kotalingala, N.D.III, p.17-28, 1979.

8. Siddiqui, A.H., Sandhya, K. and Bhanu Kumari, Ch. Two new copper coins of Samigopa, SSIC, IV.p.89-92, 1994.

9. Siddiqui, A.H. and Vijayalakshmi, K.A potin coin of Sri Puka.SSIC.IV, p.93-94, 1994.

10. Siddiqui, A.H. and Khan, M.F.A. A new type copper coin of Kama Sri, SSIC, and VII, p.39-40, 1997.


References: Satavahana coins

One of the most illustrious dynasties of India, the Satavahanas ruled over the Deccan after the Mauryas, Sungas and Kanvas. They left behind such great works of art as the famous Sanchi and Amaravathi stupas and rock cut temples in the western India, which testified, to their love of art. However, they have been the subjects of a lively controversy, which has not yet abated. Several questions have been raised concerning them. Firstly who were the Satavahanas? But nowhere in their records were the Satavahanas called Andhras. In fact, contemporary inscriptions like Hathigumpa referred to them as Satavahanas but not Andhras. Secondly when did their rule begin? Was it 230 BC or in the third quarter of first century BC. However there is agreement as to when their rule ended which was around 230AD. Thirdly how long their rule lasted, was it 456 to 460 years or for a much shorter period. Lastly where did their rule began? Was it coastal Andhra, Vidarbha, Western Maharashtra or in Telengana region. Kotalingala coin find in 1970’s has come to be considered as the single most important event in the history of Deccan numismatics. The coins unearthed here answered some of the questions raised above.

Among the Puranic list of Satavahana kings the Matsya purana tops the list with names of 30 kings with their years of rule:

1.Sisuka (Chimuka)-23 years,2.Krishna-18 yrs, 3.Sri Mallakarni (Satakarni I)-10yrs, 4.Purnotsanga-18 yrs, 5.Skandhastambhi-18 yrs, 6.Satakarni (Satakarni II)-56 yrs, 7.Lambodara-18 yrs, 8.Apilaka-12 yrs, Meghasvati-18yrs, 0.Svati-18 yrs,11.Skanasvati 7 rs,12.Mrgendra Svatikarna-3yrs,13.Kuntala Svatikarna 8 yrs, 14.Svatikarna-1 yr, 15.Pulumavi (Pulumavi I)-36 yrs, 16.Riktavarna-25 yrs,17.Hala-5 yrs, 18.Mandalaka-5 yrs, 19.Purindrasena-5 yrs, 20.Sundara Satakrna-1 yr, 21.Chakora Svatikarna-6 months,22.Sivasvati-28 yrs,23.Gautamiputra Satakarni-21 yrs,24.Pulumavi(Pulumavi II)28 yrs,25.Sivasri-7 yrs,26.Sivaskanda Satakarni-7 yrs,27.Yajnasri Satakarni-29 yrs,28.Vijaya-6 yrs,29.Chandasri Satakarna-10 yrs, and 30.Pulumavi(Pulumavi III).

First description of Satavahana coins is found in the articles of Prinsep in the 1830’s.Elliot’s publication in 1858 is the beginning of study of south Indian coins and his book on South Indian coins in 1886 is a milestone. Edward Thomas’ two articles on Andhra coins in 1877 and 1880 respectively followed by Rapson’s book on Andhra coins in 1906 led to an interest and study of coins of this dynasty. Following are the references on Satavahana coins culled from the literature.

The coins of following Satavahana kings have been described: Satavahana, Chimuka, Krishna, Satakarni I, Satakarni II, Sata, Apilaka, Hala, Gautamiputra Satakarni, Vasistiputra Sri Pulumavi, Vasistiputra Sivasri Satakarni, Vasistiputra Satakarni, Sivasri Pulumavi, Skanda Satakarni, Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni, Vijaya Satakarni, Vasishtiputra Chandra Satakarni, Pulumavi, Kausikiputra Satakarni, Saka Satakarni, Rudra Satakarni, Kumba Satakarni and Karna Satakarni. Some of these kings are not listed in the Puranas. It may be relevant to note that except for Chimuka no other Satavahana king called himself as Satavahana. Most others called themselves as Satakarnis or Pulumavis after their great early rulers of that name. No purana ever mentioned a king by the name as Satavahana or Sadavahana.

One interesting observation about the Satavahanas is that the family was a matriarchal one since some of these kings called themselves as Gautamiputra, Vasistiputra or Haritiputras. They used their mother’s name but not their fathers. The list of such kings follows: Pulumavi, Siva Sri Pulumavi, Skanda Satakarni, Chandasri Satakarni and Satakarni called themselves as Vasistiputra while Satakarni, Yajnasri Satakarni called themselves as Gautamiputra and there is a king with the name Haritiputra Satakarni.

Satavahanas issued coins predominantly of lead but they issued coins made of potin, copper and silver. Portrait coins are mostly made of silver and a few of lead. Portrait coins of seven Satavahana kings are known: 1). Gautamiputra Satakarni, 2). Gautamiputra Yajnasri Satakarni, 3) Vasistiputra Satakarni, 4). Vasistiputra Pulumavi, 5). Vasistiputra Sivasri Pulumavi, 6). Vasistiputra Skanda Satakarni and 7).Vasistiputra Vijaya Satakarni.

                                                                                        

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  3. Ahmad, N., Satavahana silver coins: some observations. JNSI.LVIII.p.61-67.1996.
  4. Ahmad, N. some alleged coins of king Satavahana. JNSI.XXXII, p.58, 1970.                                                                                                         
  5. Ahmad, N. Attribution and typology of the Satavahana coins. Coinage of the Satavahanas and coins from excavations, Ed. Shastri, A.M., Nagpur University, p.1, 1972,
  6. Altekar, A.S. Two new Andhra coins, NS, XLVI, p.330, 1935-6.
  7. Altekar, A.S., Some interesting Satavahana coins, JNSI.IV, p.25-28, 1942.                                                       
  8. Altekar, A.S., A new silver coin of Gautamiputra, JNSI.VIII, p.111-13, 1946.
  9. Altekar, A.S. Some rare and unique coins in the Prince of Wales museum, JNSI.XI.p.44-63, 1949.
  10. Altekar, A.S. A new silver coin of Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni. JNSI. XII, p.126-133, 1950.
  11. Altekar, A.S. The reverse legend on the new silver coin of Vasistiputra Satakarni. JNSI.XXI, p.13, 1958.
  12. Altekar, A.S.A new coin type of Vasistiputra.JNSI.XIV.p.17, 1953.
  13. Altekar, P.A new coin type of Vasishti putra Satakarni, JNSI.XIV.p.17-19, 1952.
  14. Angal, D.G., Fractional denominations of Satavahan coins, JNSI.LIV. P.116-118, 1992.
  15. Angal, D.G. Early Satavahana and other issues. JNSI.LV, 54-57,1993
  16. Angal, D.G., Some new Satavahana coins. JNSI. LVII, 26-28,1995
  17. Bajpai, K.D. Two rare Satavahana coins. INC, VI.p.43, 1967-68.     
  18. Bajpai, K.D., New Satavahana coins and consideration of some problems. Coinage of the Satavahanas and coins from excavations, Ed.Shastri, A.M., Nagpur University, p.27, 1972.
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  20. Bajpai, K.D., Some rare early coins from central India and Andhra Pradesh, JNSI, XLI.p.38-46, 1979.
  21. Bajpai, K.D., Numismatic evidence on the extension of Satavahana rule in central India. JNSI.XLIII, I., p. 63-66,1981.
  22. Bhat, H.R.R., A new hoard of Satavahana coins. SSIC. I., p. 61-64,1991.
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  24. Bhandarker, DR. ASIAR.p.208. 1913.                                      
  25. Bhandarker, DR. Lectures on ancient Indian numismatics, Eastern book house, Patna, 1984.
  26. Bhargava, R.R., Coins of the Datta and Satavahana rulers from Tripuri. N.D.XVI.P.29-46, 1992.
  27. Bose, G., Some remarks on the coins of theAndhra period. JNSI, I, p.16, 1939.
  28. Bose, SDK. A new type of Andhra coin, IC, V, p.99,
  29. Chaube, M.C., A new Satavahana coin from Bheraghat, JNSI. XVI, p.95.1954.
  30. Chaube, M.C.A coin of Satakarni from Tripuri.JNSI.XXI, p.110, 1959.
  31. Chinmulgund, P.J., A new silver coin of Gautamiputra JNSI. X, p.22, 1948.
  32. Chimmulgund, P.J., A unique silver coin of Satakarni and Naganika, JNSI. XXXVIII.p.6-11, 1976.
  33. Chumble, PD, Rare Satavahana coins.N.D.XV.41-50, 1991
  34.  Codrington, O., Coins of Andhrabhritya kings of southern India, JBBBRAS, XIII, p.303.
  35. Cunningham, A., Coins of ancient India. London, 1891.
  36. Das, DJ. Satavahana coins from the maha stupa excavation at Kanganhalli in Karnataka, SSIC.XI.p.36-48, 2001.                                                                           
  37. Deo, SB. Coins from Nerle. JNSI.XVIII, p.172, and 1956.
  38. Deo, SB, New coins of king Satavahana, JNSI.XXII, p.138, 1960.
  39. Deo, S.B. Another ship types coin of Yajna Satakarni. JNSI.XXIV. P.174, 1962.                                                                                                      
  40. Deo, S.B. Excavations at Bhokardan. p.23. 1973.
  41. Deo, S.B.& Ansari, Z.D. A coin of Pulumavi. JNSI.XVII, II, p.99, 1955.
  42. Deshpande, MS. Satavahana coins from Ter.INC.III, p.161, 1964.
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  44. Dikshit, K.N., A new Andhra coin, NS, XLVII, p.344, 1937-38.
  45.  Dikshit, M.G. Two early Satavahana coins from Nashik, JNSI, XIII, p.33, 1951                                                                       
  46. Dikshit, M.G. Numismatic supplements. JNSI.XLVII, p.94, 1985.
  47. Dikshit, M.G. Two early Satavahana coins from Nasik, JNSI.XI, p.26, 1950.
  48. Dutta, M., A study of Satavahana coinage. Harman Publishing House, New Delhi, 1990.
  49. Editorial, Studies on Satavahana coinage, IIRNS newsline, 17,p.4, 1998
  50. Elliot, W., Numismatic gleanings. The Madras journal of literature and science, vol. XIX p.75, 220,1858.                                                                                                                                                                                     
  51. Elliot, W., The coins of southern India. The International Numismata Orientala.3, Part II, London, 1885-86,Reprint Indological book house, Varanasi, 1970.
  52. Godbole, S.D., A new bull type of coin of Satakarni. ONS newsletter No.132, p.6, 1992.
  53. Godbole, S. Andhras-an unpublished coin-type of Kumara from Karad, ONS newsletter No.159, 1997.
  54. Gogte, V.D. and Mangalam, S.J. Brass coinage: An early evidence from the Satavahana period, Numismatic Studies, Vol.IV.Ed.A.M.Shastri M.Kumar, p.25-30, 1996.
  55. Gogte, VD, Mangalam, S.J., and Technical analysis of Satavahana brass coins: further evidence. SSIC, VII.31-38, 1997.
  56. Ghosh, N.C. and Shastri, A.M. A coin of Kumara Sata from Satanikota, N.D., V., I., p.8-16, 1981.
  57. Gokhale, S. Religious and social aspects of the coinage of the Satavahanas. Satavahana coinage and coins from excavations, Ed. Shastri, A.M., Nagpur University, p.31, 1972.
  58. Gokhale, S. Three portrait coins of the Satavahana rulers, JNSI, XL, p.13, 1978.
  59. Gokhale, S, Silver portrait coins of Vijaya Satakarni.N.D.III.31-34, 1979.
  60. Gokhale, S., Two lion type coins of King Satavahana. JNSI. XLII. P.6, 1980.                                                                                                 
  61. Gokhale, S., New discoveries in the Satavahana coinage. JNSI. XLIII, I., p.54-59, 1981.
  62. Gokhale, S. New aspects of Satavahan coinage, In: Seminar on numismatics as a source of history, JAINS.Vol.III, p.15-18, 1983.
  63. Gokhale, S., Two lead coins of Gautamiputra Yajnasri Satakarni from the British museum. J.N.S.I., XLVI, p.47-48, 1984.
  64. Gokhale, S., Some new aspects of Satavahana coinage. JNSI. XLVIII, p.1-7.1986.
  65. Gokhale, S., The unique copper coins of the Satavahana King Hala. JNSI. XLVIII. P.24-25, 1986.
  66. Gokhale, S. Junnar in trade during the Satavahana period, A paper presented at the 3rdInternational colloquium at Nasik, IIRNS, and Jan 8-11,1991.
  67. Gokhale, S., Elephant and vase type coin of Kochhiputa Satakarni. SSIC. II.107-110, 1992.
  68. Gokhale, S., New discoveries in the Satavahana coinage. In: India numismatics, history, art and culture, essays in honor of P.L.Gupta. Eds.D.W.Macdowall, S.Sharma and S.Garg, Delhi, 1992.
  69. Gokhale, S., Vrishotsarjana' type copper coin of Siri Satakarni.Nidhi.27, p.2-3, and 1997.
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  71. Gopalachari, K. The Akola hoard of Satavahana coins, IHC.VII.104, 1944
  72. Gopalachari, K., Some rare coins from Gujarat, PIHC, VIII, 23,1945.
  73. Gupta, C. Sopara coin of Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni and its bearing on the Naneghat inscription of the reign of Vasistiputra Satakarni, Num. studies, vol., Ed.D.Handa,
  74. Gupta, AC, A potin coin of king Satavahana from the Deccan. SSIC. III, 73-80.1993.
  75. Gupta, PL, A further note on the identity of Kings Satavahana and Sati, JNSI.XV, p.86, 1954.
  76. Gupta, PL, A note on some published Satavahana coins. JNSI.XV, 187,1955.
  77. Gupta, PL, Satavahana coins from Brahmapuri.BPWM.5, 1955-57
  78. Gupta, PL, Coins of ancient India.
  79. Gupta, PL, A new Satavahana portrait coin. JNSI.XXI.p.107, 1959.
  80. Gupta, PL The Satavahana king named Sati, IHQ.425, 1959.                                                               
  81. Gupta.P.L. JNSI.XXI, p.109, 1960.
  82. Gupta, PL, The coinage of the Satavahanas: Types and their regional distribution, Satavahana coinage and coins from excavations, Ed.Shastri, A.M., Nagpur University, p.41, 1972.                                                    
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  85. Gupta, PL, N D, I., II, p.21.1977.
  86. Gupta, PL, The so-called coins of Vijaya and Chakora Satakarnis. JNSI, XXXIX, p.85, 1977.
  87. Gupta, PL, Kotalingala find of post-Mauryan coins. N.D.II, p.24, 1978.
  88. Gupta, PL Coins from Brahmapuri excavations (1945-46) BDC.XXI.p.38,
  89. Gupte, Y.R., A short note on the coins of Andhra dynasty found at Bhathalapalli, Ananthpur district, IA, XL, p.173, 1911.
  90. Handa, D. and Gupta, M.K. Two interesting coins of Satakarni and Nahapana, N.D., XXI-XXII.p.13-20, 1997-1998.
  91. Jain, BC Local coins of southern Kosala, JNSI.XIX, p.72, 1957.
  92. Joglekar, S.A., Dikshit, M.K., A unique copper coin of Siri Satavahana. Bull. Deccan College of postgraduate research Institute, Poona, and VI, p. 114,1944-45.
  93. Katare, SL, A new coin of the Satavahana Sri Sata Satakarni, JNSI, XII, p.94, 1950.
  94. Katare, SL, A new silver coin of Gautamiputra Sri Yajna Satakarni JNSI.XII.p.126, 1950
  95. Katare, SL The Tripuri silver coin of Gautamiputra Sri Yajna Satakarni, JNSI, XII, 46,1951.
  96. Katare, SL, King Satavahana of the coins. IHQ.XXVII, 210,1951.
  97. Katare, SL The Satavahana kings Hala and Sati.IHQ.p.286, 1954.
  98. Katare, SL. Nayanika, Satakarni and Satavahana, JNSI, XVI.77, 1954.
  99. Katare, SL The Bheraghat coin of the Satavahana Sri Sati JNSI, XVI.280, 1959.
  100. Katare, SL on Satavahana, Sati, Sati and Sati.IHQ.XXXIV.581, 1958.
  101. Katare, SL Newasa coins of king Satavahana. JNSI.XXXII, p.46, 1970.
  102. Kaus, H., An unpublished Andhra coin, N.S.44, p.311, 1931.
  103. Kaus, H., Elephant on the coins of Pulumavi, JNSI.XVIII.p.109, 1956.
  104. Krishnamacharyulu, C.R., Some Andhra coins from Guntur district. ASR. 158,1924-25.
  105. Kulkarni, P.P., New coins of Chimuka Satavahana, Nidhi.1, p.1-2, 1990.
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  108. Lahiri, A.N., Contacts and influences as revealed by the coinage of the Satavahanas, Satavahana coinage and coins from excavations, Ed.Shastri, A.M., Nagpur university, p.62, 1972.
  109. Maheswari, K.K., A new portrait coin of Yajna Satakarni, N.D.III, p.1, 1979.
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  117.  Mangalam, S.J., Angal, D, G., Different varieties of counter-struck coins of Gautamiputra Satakarni.JNSI.LVII, 75-77,1995.                                                                                 
  118. Mangalam, S.J. Rare punch-marked copper and bronze coins of the Satavahanas, SSIC.XI.p.28-35, 2001.
  119. Martin, M.P.C., Observations on some Andhra coins, NS, XLV, p.318, 1934.
  120. Mirashi, V.V., A new hoard of Satavahana coins from Tarhala (Akola district) JNSI, II, p.83.1940.
  121. Mirashi, V.V., A large hoard of Satavahana coins, IHQ, XVI, p.503,
  122. Mirashi, V.V. A ship type coin of Yana Satakarni, J.N.S.I. III. P.43, 1941.
  123. Mirashi, V.V., Was Berar the home province of Satavahanas, JNSI, III, p.64.p.88.1941.
  124. Mirashi, V.V., A coin of king Satavahana, JNSI, VII, p.1, 1946.
  125. Mirashi, V.V., A lead coin of Satakarni, JNSI, VIII, p.18.1947.
  126. Mirashi, V.V., A new Satavahana coin, JNSI, VIII, p.22.1947.
  127. Mirashi, V.V., A coin of Kausikiputra Satakarni, JNSI, VIII, p.116,1947.
  128.  Mirashi, V.V. A lead coin of Satavahana, JNSI.XI, 5,1949.
  129.  Mirashi, V.V. A lead coin from Kondapur, JNSI, XI.p.86, 1949.                                                                              
  130. Mirashi, V.V. Some more coins from Kondapur, JNSI.XII.p.90, 1950.
  131. Mirashi, V.V., Some more coins from Hyderabad, JNSI, XII, p.131, 1951.
  132. Mirashi, V.V. Presidential address to the Numismatic Society of India, Dec, 1951.In: Sixty years of numismatic society of India, JNSI, XLI.p.297-307, 1973.
  133. Mirashi, V.V., Identification of kings Satavahana and Satakarni of the coins. JNSI.XIV.p.26, 1952.                                                                                                                       
  134. Mirashi.V.V. Two more coins from Kondapur, JNSI.XV, p.115, 1953.
  135. Mirashi, V.V., Identification of king Satavahana of the coins, JNSI. XVI.p.205, 1954
  136. Mirashi, V.V. Numismatic notes, JNSI.XVIII, p.116, 1956.
  137. Mirashi, V.V. Note on Saka-Satavahana coins. JNSI. XXIII, p.113, 1960.
  138. Mirashi, V.V. On a new Satavahana and some Kshatrapa coins from Vidarbha.JNSI.XXIII.p.334, 1961.
  139. Mirashi, V.V. A unique copper coin from Hyderabad, JNSI. , XXIV, p.172, 1962.
  140. Mirashi, V.V., Studies in Indology, Vol.III, Nagpur, 1962,p.20-23.
  141. Mirashi, V.V. The identity of Satavahana king Sivasri Pulumavi, JNSI. XXXI, p.151, 1969.
  142. Mirashi, V.V., JNSI.XXXI.p.154, 1970.
  143. Mirashi, V.V., Wategaon hoard of Satavahana coins. JNSI. XXXIV. P.205, 1973.
  144. Mirashi, V.V., Sivasri as an epithet of Satavahana kings. JNSI.XLV.117-118, 1983.
  145. Mitchiner, M. A small hoard of Nahapana-Gautamiputra silver coins double pierced for use as jewelry, Numismatic Studies, Vol.IV.Eds A.M.Shastry & M.Kumar, p.63-68, 1996.
  146. Mohandas, P.N. New find of coins with tamil-brahmi characters of great numismatic value, Hindu, 7 Jan 1968.
  147. More, S., Hiran, V. Unpublished Satavahana coins. N.D.XVI, p.47-51, 1992.
  148. Morwanchikar, RS, The portrait coins of the Satavahana kings, JNSI. XLIII.partI.46-53, 1981.
  149. Morwanchikar, RS, Two new coins of Kochiputasa. JNSI. XLVIII, p.34-35, 1986.
  150. Morwanchiker, RS, The coinage in ancient Marathwada. JNSI. LIII.  82-90, 1991.
  151. Mukherjee, B.N. The problem of fixing the initial period of the Satavahana coinage. ISPP.VII, I, p.65, 1967.
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References: Meghavahana coins.

Meghavahana dynasty of Kalinga was contemporary to Satavahanas and their rule extended to coastal Andhra. The coins this dynasty were discovered by us and these coins stand out among Deccan coins on account of their not bearing any legend indicative of the family name of the issuer. Moreover, in the absence of any literary evidence even the names of this dynasty have not been known with the exception of three figuring in Hathigumpa and Manchapuri inscriptions. The coins brought to light the names of the hitherto unknown rulers of the Meghavahana dynasty. Recent discovery of more of these coins bringing to light names of new kings.

  1. Jayaswal, K.P., Hathigumpa inscription of the emperor Kharavela (73B.C. -160 BC). JBORS, 3,p.425, 1917.
  2. Jha, AK and Veerender, M., Velepuru inscription and Mahasada, N.D.XV.p.23-30, 1991.
  3. Kasturi Bai, M. Coins from Vaddamanu excavations. In: Numismatics and archaeology, 2nd International colloquium held by Indian institute of research in numismatic studies, p.102-112, and 1986. Also in JNSI.p.4-13, 1986.
  4. Kasturi Bai, M., Sada: A new dynasty discovered at Vaddamanu, Guntur Dist. in coastal A.P.JNSI.XLVIII.p.14-23, 1986.

5.      Prasad, P.R.K. The Sadas-A presatavahana dynasty in coastal Andhra, PAPHC.XV.p.34-40, 1991.

6.      Prasad, P.R.K., A new coin of Asakasadasa from Amaravati. NSI.LV.44-49, 1993.

  1. Prasad, P.R.K., Sada coins in coastal Andhra. SSIC. III.p.53-64, 1993.
  2. Prasad, P.R.K. Coins of Siri Sada, PAPHC, XVIII, p.22-25, 1994.
  3. Prasad, P.R.K. Pre-Sada phase at Sri Dhanyakataka, PAPHC.XIX, p.29-32, 1995.
  4. Rao, B.S.L.H. A lead coin from Chebrolu. In: Ind. His.Cong.Proc. Mysore, p.112-114,1966.
  5. Rapson, E.J., Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, New Delhi, 1975.
  6. Reddy, DR, Reddy, P.S., Coins of Meghavahana dynasty of coastal Andhra. The Numismatic Society of Hyderabad.1985.
  7. Sastry, V.V.K. Three grants of Prithivi Sri Mula Raja from Kondavidu, Govt. of A.P., Hyderabad, 1992.



References: Roman coins in Andhra

The early centuries of Christian era was marked by Indo-Roman trade, the trade with north was overland while with the south was maritime. Large number of gold and silver coins of Roman rulers were found in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu as treasure troves and in excavations. The coins of Augustus, Tiberius, Septimius Severus, Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Hadrian etc were found in Andhra who ruled Rome between 1st century BC onwards.

  1. Gupta, PL Roman coins from A.P., A.P.Govt. Museum series No.10, Hyderabad, 1965.
  2. Gupta, P.L. Coins in Rome’s Indian trade, a paper presented at the 3rd International colloquium at Nasik, IIRNS, and Jan 8-11,1991.

3.      Murthy, M.S.K. Roman coins from south India: A study based on distribution and typology. SSIC.II, p.67-76, 1992.

4.      Thurstan, E. Roman coins found in India, JRAS.p.22, 1904.                                  4Sarma, I.K. Roman coins from Andhra Pradesh: Their contexts, chronology and cultural significance, SSIC, II, p.35-50, 1992.

5.      Sastry, V.V.K. Roman gold coins Recent discoveries in Andhra Pradesh, A.P. Museum series-21, Govt. of A.P., 1992.

6.      Sastry, V.V.K. Presidential address, JNSI.LVII.p.1-13, 1995.

  1. Shastri, A.M. Imperial Roman coins in early Deccanese inscriptions, SSIC.II, p.77-88, 1992.